During the first years of Ro-
man conquest Jerusalem was in
turmoil, as the Hasmoneans
and Romans battled for con-
trol. General Mark Antony,
under Pompey and later Cae-
sar, was joined by local leaders
Antipater and his son Herod.
Fighting on the other side was
Antigonus II, son of Aristobu-
lus, the last vestige of Has-
monean royalty.